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<title>Explosive eruption</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Explosive eruption</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Volcanology" title="Volcanology">volcanology</a>, an <b>explosive eruption</b> is a <a href="Volcanic_eruption" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a> of the most violent type. A notable example is the <a href="1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>. Such eruptions result when sufficient gas has dissolved under pressure within a <a href="Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a> <a href="Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> such that expelled lava violently froths into <a href="Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> when pressure is suddenly lowered at the vent. Sometimes a <a href="Lava_plug" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava plug">lava plug</a> will block the conduit to the summit, and when this occurs, eruptions are more violent. Explosive eruptions can expel as much as 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) per second<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of rocks, dust, gas and <a href="Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> material, averaged over the duration of eruption, that travels at several hundred meters per second as high as 20 km (12 mi) into the atmosphere. This cloud may subsequently collapse, creating a fast-moving <a href="Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a> of hot volcanic matter.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2></div>

<p>Viscous magmas cool beneath the surface before they erupt. As they do this, bubbles exsolve from the magma. Because the magma is viscous, the bubbles remain trapped in the magma.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the magma nears the surface, the bubbles and thus the magma increase in volume. The pressure of the magma builds until the blockage is blasted out in an explosive eruption through the weakest point in the cone, usually the crater. (However, in the case of the eruption of <a href="Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>, the pressure was released on the side of the volcano, rather than the crater.<sup id="cite_ref-Skinner,_2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skinner,_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The release of pressure causes more gas to exsolve, doing so explosively. The gas may expand at hundreds of metres per second, expanding upward and outward. As the eruption progresses, a chain reaction causes the magma to be ejected at higher and higher speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_ash_formation">Volcanic ash formation</h3></div>

<p>The violently expanding gas disperses and breaks up magma, forming an emulsion of gas and magma called <a href="Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>. The cooling of the gas in the ash as it expands chills the magma fragments, often forming tiny glass shards recognisable as portions of the walls of former liquid bubbles. In more fluid magmas the bubble walls may have time to reform into spherical liquid droplets. The final state of the emulsions depends strongly on the ratio of liquid to gas. Gas-poor magmas end up cooling into rocks with small cavities, becoming <a href="Vesicular_texture" title="Vesicular texture">vesicular lava</a>. Gas-rich magmas cool to form rocks with cavities that nearly touch, with an average density less than that of water, forming <a href="Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>. Meanwhile, other material can be accelerated with the gas, becoming volcanic bombs. These can travel with so much energy that large ones can create craters when they hit the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyroclastic_flows">Pyroclastic flows</h3></div>

<p>When an emulsion of volcanic gas and magma falls back to the ground, it can create a density current called a pyroclastic flow. The emulsion is somewhat fluidised by the gas, allowing it to spread. These can often climb over obstacles, and devastate human life.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earthly pyroclastic flows can travel at up to 80 km (50 mi) per hour and reach temperatures of 200 to 700 °C (392 to 1,292 °F). The high temperatures can burn flammable materials in the flow's path, including wood, vegetation, and buildings. Alternately, when an eruption has contact with snow, crater lakes, or wet soil in large amounts, water mixing into the flow can create <a href="Lahars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahars">lahars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which pose significant <a href="Lahar#Places_at_risk" title="Lahar">known risks</a> worldwide.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div>

<ol><li><a href="Vulcanian_eruption" title="Vulcanian eruption">Vulcanian eruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Pel%C3%A9an_eruption" title="Peléan eruption">Peléan eruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian eruption</a></li></ol>

<ul><li>Consequences:

<ul><li><a href="Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">Eruption column</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyroclastic_fall" title="Pyroclastic fall">Pyroclastic fall</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyroclastic_surge" title="Pyroclastic surge">Pyroclastic surge</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mechanisms">Other mechanisms</h3></div>

<p>An explosive eruption is usually triggered by exsolution of volatiles but there are other ways to create an explosive eruption.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phreatic_eruption">Phreatic eruption</h4></div>

<p>A <a href="Phreatic_eruption" title="Phreatic eruption">phreatic eruption</a> can occur when hot water under pressure is depressurised. Depressurisation reduces the boiling point of the water, so when depressurised the water suddenly boils.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Or it may happen when groundwater is suddenly heated, flashing to steam suddenly.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the water turns into steam, it expands at supersonic speeds, up to 1,700 times its original volume. This can be enough to shatter solid rock, and hurl rock fragments hundreds of metres.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A <a href="Phreatomagmatic_eruption" title="Phreatomagmatic eruption">phreatomagmatic eruption</a> contains magmatic material, in contrast to a phreatic eruption which does not.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clathrate_hydrates">Clathrate hydrates</h4></div>

<p>One mechanism for explosive cryovolcanism is cryomagma making contact with <a href="Clathrate_hydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Clathrate hydrates">clathrate hydrates</a>. Clathrate hydrates, if exposed to warm temperatures, readily decompose. A 1982 article pointed out the possibility that the production of pressurised gas upon destabilisation of clathrate hydrates making contact with warm rising magma could produce an explosion that breaks through the surface, resulting in explosive cryovolcanism.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_vapor_in_a_vacuum">Water vapor in a vacuum</h4></div>

<p>If a fracture reaches the surface of an icy body and the column of rising water is exposed to the near-vacuum of the surface of most icy bodies, it will immediately start to boil, because its vapor pressure is much more than the ambient pressure. Not only that, but any volatiles in the water will exsolve. The combination of these processes will release droplets and vapor, which can rise up the fracture, creating a plume. This is thought to be partially responsible for <a href="Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus's</a> ice plumes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">Effusive eruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanic_explosivity_index" title="Volcanic explosivity index">Volcanic explosivity index</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMasonPyleOppenheimer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004-12-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9">"The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth"</a></span>. <i>Bulletin of Volcanology</i>. <b>66</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">735–</span>748. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004BVol...66..735M">2004BVol...66..735M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00445-004-0355-9">10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0819">1432-0819</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129680497">129680497</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sseh.uchicago.edu/doc/Melosh_ch_5.pdf">"Volcanoes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Skinner,_2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skinner,_2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner2004" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Brian J. (2004). <i>Dynamic Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology</i>. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. Hoboken, NJ. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-15228-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/pyroclasticflow/index.php">"Pyroclastic flows move fast and destroy everything in their path"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eskp.de/en/basic-knowledge/natural-hazards/dangerous-water-vapour-phreatic-eruptions-935881/">"Dangerous water vapor: phreatic eruptions"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-USGS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/HydroVolcEruption.php">"VHP Photo Glossary: Phreatic eruption"</a>. <i>Volcano Hazards Program</i>. U.S. Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCronin2019" class="citation web cs1">Cronin, Shane (December 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/12/09/Steam-driven-volcanic-eruptions-difficult-to-predict-poorly-understood/5221575896208/">"Steam-driven volcanic eruptions difficult to predict, still poorly understood"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefabulousscientist.com/2020/01/14/phreatomagmatic-eruption-as-explained-to-kids/">"Phreatomagmatic Eruption as Explained to Kids"</a>. January 14, 2020.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFagentLopesQuickGregg" class="citation web cs1">Fagent, Sarah A.; Lopes, Rosaly M.C.; Quick, Lynnae C.; Gregg, Tracy K.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20210026013/downloads/Quick_%20Chapter5_Cryovolcanism_13Jun2021.docx.pdf">"Chapter 5 Cryovolcanism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721235547/http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/shortcourse.html">"Recent Developments in Explosive Volcanism"</a>. Commission on Explosive Volcanism (CEV). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/shortcourse.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Types_of_volcanic_eruptions120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="Volcanic_eruption" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruptions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Magma" title="Magma">Magmatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hawaiian_eruption" title="Hawaiian eruption">Hawaiian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pel%C3%A9an_eruption" title="Peléan eruption">Peléan</a></li>

<li><a href="Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Strombolian_eruption" title="Strombolian eruption">Strombolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulcanian_eruption" title="Vulcanian eruption">Vulcanian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Phreatomagmatic_eruption" title="Phreatomagmatic eruption">Phreatomagmatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Subglacial_eruption" title="Subglacial eruption">Subglacial</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_eruption" title="Submarine eruption">Submarine</a></li>

<li><a href="Surtseyan_eruption" title="Surtseyan eruption">Surtseyan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Phreatic" title="Phreatic">Phreatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Phreatic_eruption" title="Phreatic eruption">Phreatic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">Effusive</a></li>

<li><a href="Flank_eruption" title="Flank eruption">Flank</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_eruption" title="Lateral eruption">Lateral</a></li>

<li><a href="Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">Limnic</a></li>

<li><a href="Subaerial_eruption" title="Subaerial eruption">Subaerial</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Explosive_eruption&oldid=1292123425">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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